lunes, 1 de agosto de 2011

Mercadotecnia: Necesidades del Cliente según Maslow

El conocido psicólogo Abraham Maslow siempre estuvo fascinado por responder qué es lo que motiva a la gente. Sus observaciones lo llevaron a concluir que, como especie, el ser humano esta constantemente en búsqueda de cumplir con una variedad de necesidades. Las necesidades básicas cómo la comida, un refugio, mantenerse cálido y vestido contra los elementos (ello constituye necesidades físicas o fisiológicas), tras cubrirlas pasa a cumplir con necesidades más complejas a nivel emocional para finalmente cubrir las necesidades abstractas cómo la auto-realización.
  1. Necesidades Fisiológicas.
  2. Seguridad.
  3. Aceptación Social.
  4. Autoestima.
  5. Autorrealización.
Tan pronto uno cumple las necesidades de cierto nivel, la gente tiende a poner su atención en el siguiente nivel. Así, nuestras prioridades cambian según el nivel de desarrollo y el nivel de vida que tengamos, por ejemplo en los países desarrollados la comida dejó de ser solo calorías y el trabajo es algo más que ganar dinero para sobrevivir. Algo que también sucede es que mientras más alto vamos a la punta de la pirámide, menos gente encontraremos en dicho nivel. No toda la gente tiene la capacidad de ir a lo más alto.

El modelo de comportamiento formulado por Maslow es utilizado cómo una herramienta para comprender las motivaciones de los consumidores. Es bastante socorrida en toda la literatura de mercadotecnia. Actualmente la tendencia para el modelo hoy tratado apunta a usarla para comprender las fuerzas psicológicas que afectan la motivación de los empleados. Hoy en día cambiar de una empresa a otra, los altos niveles de rotación son un problema para las empresas que desean retener a su talento. Atraer y retener a los empleados involucra ser capaz de presentarse cómo un lugar atractivo para trabajar con remuneraciones bien vistas.

Sobre los empleados, siempre hay de todo, aunque cada uno tiene necesidades individuales aun así pueden dividirse en tipologías o arquetipos Al agrupar las necesidad de los clientes y empleados se pueden crear portafolios de “prestaciones” o una oferta que cubra dichas necesidades, revisar que segmentos del mercado dan prioridad a sus necesidades de seguridad y que otros segmentos buscan más el reconocimiento social y ofrecer a cada segmento la oportunidad de cubrir esa necesidad.

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